Protocol for Centralised Drinking Water Systems in First Nations Communities

Acknowledgements

This protocol was developed with support and advice provided by First Nations technical representatives, regional and headquarters staff of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, regional and headquarters staff of Health Canada, and regional and headquarters staff of Environment Canada.

1.0 Introduction

The Protocol for Centralised Drinking Water Systems in First Nations Communities (Centralised Systems Protocol) contains standards for the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of centralised drinking water systems in First Nations communities. A centralised system is a piped system with a centralised treatment plant.

This document is intended for use by First Nations staff responsible for drinking water systems. It is also intended for use by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) staff and all others involved in providing advice or assistance to First Nations in the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of drinking water systems in their communities.

As outlined in this Protocol, First Nations responsibilities as they relate to ensuring that residents are provided with clean, safe, and reliable drinking water are divided between two main groups on reserve: a) band councils, and b) water system operators:

1. Band Councils (chiefs, councillors, utility directors, infrastructure managers, and public works supervisors) are responsible for ensuring that drinking water systems are designed, constructed, and upgraded in accordance with this Protocol. They are also responsible for organising training to ensure that their system's primary and secondary operators are trained and certified to the classification level of the system.
2. Water system operators are responsible for operating and maintaining drinking water systems as well as for implementing effective sampling and testing to continuously monitor drinking water quality. They must also keep complete records to fully document maintenance activities, monitoring, and corrective action.

More information on stakeholders' responsibilities as they relate to the operation of water systems on reserve is outlined in Appendix A.

This protocol was developed with advice provided by First Nations representatives, regional and headquarters staff of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) of Health Canada, and Environment Canada. This Protocol first came into effect March 21, 2006 under the name Protocol for Safe Drinking Water in First Nations Communities. This latest version reflects feedback from stakeholders including First Nations technical experts. The Protocol is a living document. In the future, it will continue to evolve and be amended as appropriate to reflect feedback provided from users of the document and changes in policy or regulation.

2.0 Application

Any centralised water system that produces drinking water destined for human consumption, is funded in whole or in part by AANDC, and serves five or more household service connections, or that serves a public facility must comply with the requirements of this protocol. Specifically, this protocol and its requirements apply to the following types and sizes of drinking water systems:

• Small Community Systems - Small Community Systems are drinking water systems that serve between five and 100 service connections, or a public facility/building, or both.
• Community Systems - Community Systems are drinking water systems that serve more than 100 service connections, or a public facility/building, or both.
• Public Facilities – A Public Facility is a non-commercial, AANDC-funded facility that is owned or operated by a First Nation band and serves a public function (such as a school, band office, or community centre).
• Trucked Systems – Trucked Systems are drinking water systems that use tank trucks to deliver potable water to consumers.

First Nations are responsible for the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of their drinking water systems in accordance with industry best practices and AANDC policies and Protocols. AANDC staff will provide advice to First Nations regarding complying with AANDC requirements.

Operators of First Nations water systems that are covered by this Protocol need to meet the more stringent of either:

• This Protocol's requirements; or
• Provincial requirements (standards, regulations, codes, or guidelines).

In the case where a particular element in a provincial standard, regulation, code, or guideline (ex: turbidity) is more stringent than the same element in the Protocol, then that higher objective should be adhered to for that element; the rest of the Protocol still applies; it is not possible for a First Nation to opt out of the Protocol.

This Protocol does not apply to drinking water systems that serve four or fewer service connections. Drinking water systems with four or fewer household service connections are covered in the Protocol for Decentralised (On-Site) Water and Wastewater Systems in First Nations Communities.

This Protocol does not apply to water supplied to a reserve via a municipal type agreement (MTA) unless otherwise stipulated in contracts or the terms and conditions of funding agreements between a First Nation and AANDC related to the provision of the service.

This Protocol does not apply to facilities funded or operated by other government departments.

3.0 Multi-barrier Approach to Water Protection

This protocol is based on and organised according to the multiple barrier approach to drinking water protection, a strategy intended to prevent the presence of water-borne contaminants in drinking water by ensuring effective safeguards are in place at each stage of a drinking water system. The four main components of the multiple barrier approach (MBA) include:

• Protection of raw water sources;
• Effective treatment of drinking water;
• Maintenance of a clean distribution system; and
• Comprehensive testing to confirm water quality.

4.0 System Design

Design requirements established under this Protocol are as stipulated in "Design Guidelines for First Nations Water Works" (Design Guidelines). A copy of the most current version of the Design Guidelines can be obtained from your AANDC regional office.

5.0 Quality Assurance

To protect public health and safety and prolong the service life of water system assets, the water system must be inspected regularly to monitor its physical condition, identify maintenance deficiencies, and monitor ongoing system performance in providing safe drinking water.

6.0 Operator Certification Requirements

Water System Operator certification requirements will match the requirements of the applicable provincial system. Thus, operators of water treatment plants and distribution systems must be certified to the level specified by provincial operator certification requirements for the classification of system they operate or their work must be overseen by an operator with the required level of certification.

Managers of trucked water systems shall ensure that each operator of the delivery truck possesses adequate training (or a provincial Operator Certificate for distribution systems where applicable).

Guidance on provincial requirements for certification of water treatment plant and distribution system operators is provided in Appendix I. Information provided in Appendix I is subject to change by the Provincial department/agency responsible. Updates of Appendix I will appear periodically at the AANDC web site. But the latest information must be obtained directly from the respective Provincial department/agency.

7.0 Emergency Response Plan Requirements

It is required that the Chief and Council shall have in place an emergency response plan (ERP) in the event of any situation where there is a threat to the health of people drawing their potable water from a water system.

Chief and Council shall ensure that the ERP is developed in consultation with an emergency response consultant, if available, as well as the water system operator. In addition, the water system's ERP shall be incorporated into the band's community-wide ERP.

The emergency response plan should be reviewed annually. Reviewing the ERP and ensuring that emergency contact phone numbers are fully updated is the responsibility Chief and Council. A sample emergency response plan will be made available at AANDC's web site.

8.0 Public Reporting

To help community members stay informed as to the quality of drinking water provided by their water system, it is strongly encouraged that all First Nations water system operating authorities make available to their customers a copy of the most recent Annual Inspection Report as well as copies of up-to-date annual summaries of water quality monitoring results. These records should be made available in printed format in an accessible on-reserve location such as the Band offices.

Appendix A: Stakeholders Roles and Responsibilities

Provision of water services to First Nations communities is a shared responsibility between three groups:

1. First Nations– As outlined in this Protocol, First Nations responsibilities as they relate to ensuring that residents are provided with clean, safe, and reliable drinking water are divided between two main groups on reserve: a.) band councils, and b.) water system operators:
   1. Band Councils (chiefs, councillors, utility directors, infrastructure managers, and public works supervisors) are responsible for ensuring that drinking water systems are designed, constructed, and upgraded in accordance with this Protocol. They are also responsible for organising training to ensure that their systems primary and secondary operators are trained and certified to the classification level of the water system.
   2. Water system operators are responsible for operating and maintaining drinking water systems as well as for implementing effective sampling and testing to continuously monitor drinking water quality. They must also keep complete records to fully document maintenance activities, monitoring, and corrective action.
2. Circuit Riders – Under the department's Circuit Rider Trainer Program (CRTP) AANDC provides funds to engage circuit riders (third party water system experts who provide water system operators with on-site, mentoring, training, and emergency assistance). The third party service providers that provide circuit rider services also provide operators with a 24/7 emergency hotline. To participate in the Circuit Rider Training Program, bands should contact the CRTP co-ordinator at the AANDC office in their region.
3. Tribal Councils are service organisations mandated to provide various services to member bands, including technical services. Bands that lack the required human resource capacity to manage and provide their own public works and technical services, including water services, should contact their Tribal Council for assistance.
4. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada - AANDC provides First Nations with financial assistance and advice for designing, constructing, upgrading, operating, maintaining, and monitoring water facilities. AANDC also provides funding and advice for the provision of training of operators and with the provision of services shared between reserves and municipalities through municipal-type agreements.(MTA). Compliance with this Protocol is monitored by AANDC regional offices.
5. Health Canada – Health Canada works in partnership with First Nations communities to ensure that drinking water quality monitoring programs are in place in communities, South of 60^o, and that drinking water quality meets the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. These programs include testing drinking water quality and reviewing, interpreting, and disseminating results. In order to build community capacity in environmental health, Health Canada facilitates community-based drinking water quality sampling and testing through the support and training of community-based drinking water quality monitors (CBWMs). Health Canada, through Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) investigates potential problems, provides advice, and makes recommendations to First Nations communities and federal partners, such as Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada on matters pertaining to drinking water. Health Canada also reviews water and wastewater infrastructure proposals from a public health perspective. Health Canada is also actively involved in the development of educational and awareness programs, tools, and materials on drinking water safety issues. In First Nations communities where Environmental Health Programs are transferred, the First Nations stakeholders are responsible for drinking water quality monitoring.
6. Environment Canada – Environment Canada is responsible for enforcing federal legislation related to wastewater, both on and off reserves. This mandate includes the enforcement of regulations related to the disposal of water treatment process residuals where applicable.

Appendix B: Summary of Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality

The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality (GCDWQ) were published in booklet form by Health Canada in 1996. Since then, a number of changes have been made to various criterion values in the Guidelines but a new edition of the booklet has not been published.

To keep interested parties informed of changes to the Guidelines between publications of new editions of the booklet, a summary table called "Summary of Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality" (Summary Guidelines) is updated and published every spring on Health Canada's website.

Each new summary supercedes all previous versions, including that contained in the published booklet mentioned above.

It is recommended that every six months the water system manager and the water system operator responsible for a water system obtain a printed copy of the most current version of the Summary Guidelines from a local Health Canada office or from the Health Canada web site and insert them in this document as Appendix B.

Appendix C: Definition of Groundwater under Direct Influence of Surface Water

The following drinking water systems will be deemed to be relying on groundwater under the direct influence of surface water:

1. A drinking water system that obtains water from a well that is not a drilled well or from a well that does not have a watertight casing that extends to a depth of 6 m below ground level.
2. A drinking-water system that obtains water from an infiltration gallery.
3. A drinking-water system that is not capable of supplying water at a rate greater than 0.58 L/s and that obtains water from a well, any part of which is within 15 m of surface water.
4. A drinking-water system that is capable of supplying water at a rate greater than 0.58 L/s and that obtains water from an overburden well, any part of which is within 100 m of surface water.
5. A drinking-water system that is capable of supplying water at a rate greater than 0.58 L/s and that obtains water from a bedrock well, any part of which is within 500 m of surface water.
6. A drinking-water system that exhibits evidence of contamination by surface water.
7. A drinking-water system in respect of which a written report has been prepared by a professional engineer or professional hydrogeologist that concludes that the system's raw water supply is ground water under the direct influence of surface water and that includes a statement of his or her reasons for reaching that conclusion.

A water system is not deemed to be under direct influence of surface water if a written report prepared after August 1, 2000 by a licensed professional engineer or professional hydrogeologist concludes that the raw water supply is not ground water under the direct influence of surface water and the report includes a statement of his or her reasons for reaching that conclusion.

Appendix D: Guidance on Concentration x Time (CT) Concept

The water system operator is responsible to ensure that an adequate contact time between drinking water and an appropriate concentration of chemical disinfectant is provided to the water before it reaches the first consumer on the distribution system during periods of peak flow.

Chlorine should be applied at a point that will provide optimum contact time after adequate mixing.

The actual period of contact time required (calculated at peak flow rates) varies based on the type of raw water source and temperature. As a rule of thumb, at least 15 minutes of contact time must be provided to the water before it reaches the first consumer on the distribution system during periods of peak flow.

References for calculating required dose concentration and contact time for community systems can be found below. In addition, concentration-time (CT) tables for the inactivation of protozoan cysts and viruses by chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines at various temperatures and pH values may be found listed in "Procedure for Disinfection of Drinking Water in Ontario".

The tables identify the CT values for free chlorine and other chemical disinfectants required for specific values of log inactivation of protozoan cysts and target viruses at specific temperatures and pH levels.

Appendix E: Turbidity Requirements

Maximum allowable turbidity levels established under this protocol will be as required under Health Canada's Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Health Canada criteria for turbidity requirements in drinking water are outlined below. It is recommended that the operator obtain a printed copy of the most current version of health Canada's Turbidity Guideline, either from a local Health Canada office or from the Health Canada web site.

Under proposed changes to Health Canada's turbidity guideline, systems that use a surface water source, or that use a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water, should filter the source water to meet the following turbidity limits:

• Chemically assisted filtration:
  
  The treated water turbidity levels from individual filters should:
  
  
  • Be less than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements made, or at least 95% of the time each calendar month; and
  • Not exceed 1.0 NTU at any time.

  Where possible, the filtration system is to be designed and operated to reduce turbidity levels as low as possible, with a treated water turbidity target of less than 0.1 NTU at all times. Slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration:
  
  The treated water turbidity levels from individual filters should:

  • Be less than or equal to 1.0 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements made, or at least 95% of the time each calendar month; and
  • Not exceed 3.0 NTU at any time.
  Where possible, the filtration system should be designed and operated to reduce turbidity levels as low as possible; with treated water turbidity targets always less than 0.1 NTU.
• Membrane filtration:
  
  The treated water turbidity levels from individual filters should:
  
  
  • Be less than or equal to 0.1 NTU in at least 99% of the measurements made, or at least 99% of the time each calendar month; and
  • Not exceed 0.3 NTU at any time.
  If membrane filtration is the sole treatment technology employed, secondary disinfection using chlorine or chloramines should follow the filter process. Where possible, the filtration system should be designed and operated to reduce turbidity levels as much as possible, with a treated water turbidity target of less than 0.1 NTU at all times.

Appendix F: Guidance on Provincial Operator Certification Requirements

Operator certification requirements for First Nations water systems will match applicable provincial requirements. Thus, operators of water treatment plants and distribution systems must be certified to the level required for their respective drinking water system as specified by the appropriate provincial operator certification program. Managers of trucked water systems shall ensure that the operators of the delivery truck possesses adequate training (or a provincial operator certificate for distribution systems where applicable).

Appendix G: Drinking Water Definitions

Aesthetic objective (AO): Aesthetic objectives are set for drinking water quality parameters such as colour or odour, where an exceedance may make the water less pleasant, but not unsafe.

Alkalinity: Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to resist changes in pH. Alkalinity is usually expressed as the equivalent concentration (mg/L) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Aquifer: A natural an underground geological formation or group of formations, often of sand or gravel, which contain water. An aquifer is a source of groundwater for wells and springs.

Aquifer (confined): A confined aquifer is a layer of soil or rock below the land surface that is saturated with water. There are layers of impermeable material both above and below it and it is under pressure so that when the aquifer is penetrated by a well, the water will rise above the top of the aquifer.

Aquifer (unconfined): An unconfined aquifer is one whose upper water surface (water table) is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is able to rise and fall.

Bacteria (plural) bacterium (singular): bacteria are microscopic living organisms usually consisting of a single cell. Bacteria can aid in pollution control by consuming or breaking down organic matter in sewage and or other water pollutants. Some bacteria may also cause human, animal and plant health problems. Bacteria are predominantly found in the intestines and feces of humans and animals. The presence of coliform bacteria in water indicates the contamination of water by raw or partially treated sewage.

Centralized Water System: The term centralized water system refers to a water system employing a central treatment plant from which potable water is distributed to users via a network of distribution pipes.

Coliform: A group of related bacteria whose presence in drinking water may indicate contamination by disease-causing microorganisms.

Contaminant: A contaminant is anything found in water (including microorganisms, minerals, chemicals, radionuclides, etc.) that may be harmful to human health.

Cryptosporidium: Cryptosporidium are protozoic microorganisms commonly found in lakes and rivers. It is highly resistant to disinfection processes and can cause diarrhoea, nausea, and/or stomach cramps.

Disinfectant: A disinfectant is a chemical (commonly chlorine, chloramines, or ozone) or physical process (e.g., ultraviolet light) that inactivates or kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.

Distribution System: A distribution system is a network of pipes leading from a drinking water treatment plant that delivers finished drinking water to customers' plumbing systems.

Escherichia coli: Escherichia coli (E. coli) are commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded animals. E. coli are not always confined to the intestine, and their ability to survive for brief periods outside the body makes them an ideal indicator organism to test environmental samples for fecal contamination

Fecal coliforms: Fecal coliforms include the genera that originate in feces; Escherichia as well as genera that are not of fecal origin; Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter. In general, increased levels of fecal coliforms (fecal bacteria) provide a warning of failure in water treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, or possible contamination with pathogens. When levels are high there may be an elevated risk of waterborne gastroenteritis.

Giardia lamblia: Giardia lamblia are protozoic microorganisms frequently found in rivers and lakes, which, if not treated properly, may cause diarrhoea, fatigue, and cramps after ingestion.

Groundwater: Groundwater is any water that is obtained from a subsurface water-bearing soil unit (called an aquifer). 1) Water that flows or seeps downward and saturates soil or rock, supplying springs and wells. The upper surface of the saturate zone is called the water table. 2) Water stored underground in rock crevices and in the pores of geologic materials that make up the Earth's crust.

Groundwater, confined: Groundwater that is under pressure significantly greater than atmospheric, with its upper limit the bottom of a bed with hydraulic conductivity distinctly lower than that of the material in which the confined water occurs.

Groundwater, unconfined: water in an aquifer that has a water table that is exposed to the atmosphere.

Hardness: Hardness is a measure of calcium and magnesium in water. These elements precipitate with carbonate in boilers and pots to form scale. Hardness also makes it difficult to form lather, requires more soap, and creates a soap scum.

inactivate: inactivate, a term used in water disinfection, refers to the process by which a disinfectant renders pathogenic microorganisms harmless by damaging them enough that they can no longer reproduce and are, thus, no longer infectious.

Microorganisms: Microorganisms, also known as microbes, are tiny living organisms that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. Some microbes can cause acute health problems when consumed in drinking water.

Pathogen: Pathogen is a term applied to any disease-causing organism.

Potable water: Potable water is water that is destined for human consumption. For the purposes of this Protocol, water destined for human consumption is water that is consumed directly as drinking water, water that is used in cooking, water that is used to wash food, and water that is used for bathing infants (individuals under 1 year in age).

pH: pH is a measure of water's acidity or alkalinity. Water with a pH of 0 to less than 7 is acidic. A pH of 7 is neutral, neither acidic nor alkaline. Water with a pH greater than 7 to 14 is termed alkaline. In Canada, recommended pH for drinking water is between 6.5 and 8.5.

Public Facility: A public facility is a non-commercial facility that is owned or operated by Chief and Council and serves a public function, such as a school, band office, or community centre. Facilities funded by other government departments are not covered by this Protocol.

Qualified Band Employee: A qualified band employee is a band employee (a person on the band's pay roll), or a third party operating under contract to the band, who is fully licensed to perform the work in the province in which the work will be performed.

Radionuclides: Any man-made or natural element that emits radiation.

Raw Water: The term raw water refers to water that is in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking.

Runoff: The term runoff refers to: (1) That part of the precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water that appears in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers, drains or sewers. Runoff may be classified according to speed of appearance after rainfall or melting snow as direct runoff or base runoff, and according to source as surface runoff, storm interflow, or ground-water runoff. (2) The total discharge described in (1), above, during a specified period of time. (3) Also defined as the depth to which a drainage area would be covered if all of the runoff for a given period of time were uniformly distributed over it.

Source Water: Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking.

Surface Water: Surface water is any water that is obtained from sources, such as lakes, rivers, and reservoirs that are open to the atmosphere.

System Designer: A system designer is a person, such as an engineer, who is qualified to design a water or wastewater systems.

System Operator: A system operator is a band employee or a third party under contract to a band who is tasked with the operation and maintenance of a water or wastewater system.

System Manager: A system manager is a band employee or a third party under contract to a band who is tasked with managing a water or wastewater system.

Trihalomethanes: Trihalomethanes (>THMs) are formed when chlorine (or chlorine-based disinfectants) used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic matter in water. They have been shown to cause negative effects in lab animals but their effect on human health is unknown.

Turbidity: Turbidity is the cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended matter or particles in the water. High levels of turbidity may interfere with proper water treatment and monitoring. In Canada, the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for turbidity in drinking water entering a distribution system is 1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). An aesthetic objective of 5 NTU has been set for samples taken in the distribution system. Turbidity levels higher than 5 NTU in samples collected in the distribution system can indicate severe local corrosion of the water pipes.

Water destined for human consumption: Water destined for human consumption is water that is consumed directly as drinking water, water that is used in cooking, water that is used to wash food, and water that is used for bathing infants (individuals under 1 year in age).

Watershed: The land area from which water drains into a stream, river, or reservoir.

Water quality: The term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.

Water use: The term water use refers to water that is used for a specific purpose, such as for domestic use, irrigation, or industrial processing. Water use pertains to human's interaction with and influence on the hydrologic cycle, and includes elements, such as water withdrawal from surface- and ground-water sources, water delivery to homes and businesses, consumptive use of water, water released from wastewater-treatment plants, water returned to the environment, and in-stream uses, such as using water to produce hydroelectric power.

Appendix H: Summary of Material Changes between this Version and the Previous Version of this Document

This document will evolve over time based to reflect feedback from users and other stakeholders as well as operational or policy changes at Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. This appendix lists material changes between this the second release of this document and the first version released March 21, 2006. The numerous minor edits that were made to improve clarity and organisation of the document are not listed.

1. The title of the document (formerly entitled: Protocol for Safe Drinking Water in First Nations Communities) was changed to: Protocol for Centralized Drinking Water Systems in First Nations Communities to better reflect its content and purpose.
2. Various textual changes were made
3. The text in Section 1 was revised to elaborate and clarify roles and responsibilities of stakeholders.
4. Section 3.2.1 was revised to set the disinfection log removal requirement for groundwater at 2-log (99 percent) removal or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts, Cryptosporidium parvum cysts, and viruses.
5. Section 3.2.2 was revised to set the disinfection log removal requirement for surface water and GUDI at 2-log (99 percent) removal or inactivation of Giardia lamblia, 3-log (99.9 percent) removal or inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum cysts, and at 4-log (99.99 percent) removal or inactivation of viruses before water enters the distribution system].
6. A new section was added (Section 3.4.4 in this version) to outline the requirement that DWAs be dealt with quickly.
7. A new section was added (Section 3.5 in this version) to set out a requirement for residuals management.
8. A new section was added (Section 4.6 in this version) to set out a requirement for retention of as-built drawings.
9. A new section was added (Section 4.7 in this version) to set out a requirement for keeping of an operations and maintenance manual.
10. A new section was added (Section 5.1 in this version) to elaborate on a requirement for functioning maintenance management plans.
11. Section 5.3 in this document (formerly called Section 5.2 in the previous version) was redrafted to introduce changes to annual inspection requirements arising from the department's implementation if the Integrated Capital Management System.
12. A new section was added (Section 5.4 in this version) to elaborate document management and record keeping requirements.
13. The section entitled Appendix A in previous version was re-titled as Appendix B.
14. The section entitled Appendix B in the previous version of this document was superseded by new text added in Section 3.1 of the new version of this document.
15. The section entitled Appendix E in the previous version of this document was superseded by new text added in Section 7 of the new version of this document.
16. The section entitled Appendix F in the previous version of this document was re-titled Appendix E in this version.
17. The section entitled Appendix G in the previous version of this document was superseded by new text added in Section 4 of the new version.
18. The section entitled Appendix H in the previous version of this document was superseded by new text added in Section 5.3 of the new version.
19. The section entitled Appendix J in the previous version of this document was superseded by new text added in Section 7 of the new version.
20. The section entitled Appendix K in the previous version of this document was revised re-titled Appendix A in this version.
21. A new appendix was added (Appendix G in this version) to provide definitions for water terminology employed in this document.
22. A new appendix was added (Appendix H in this version) to list changes between this version of the document and the previous version.