Drinking water and wastewater legislation
Learn why legislation was proposed.
Update
Due to the prorogation of Parliament on January 6, 2025, all Parliamentary business on Bill C-61 ended. As of February 14, 2025, this page will no longer be edited or updated.
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Why legislation was proposed
Everyone in Canada should have access to safe and clean drinking water. First Nations have long called for safe drinking water legislation to meet First Nations' needs and priorities. Currently, First Nations communities do not have legally enforceable safe drinking water protections similar to what is in place in provinces and territories.
In First Nations communities, effective legislation and a national regulatory regime are essential to support:
- sustainable access to clean, safe and reliable drinking water
- effective treatment of wastewater
Repeal of the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act
In 2013, the Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act was created to enable the development of federal regulations to support First Nations' access to clean, reliable drinking water and effective treatment of wastewater. However, First Nations shared several concerns with the 2013 Act, including:
- lack of adequate, predictable and sustainable funding
- lack of recognition of Aboriginal rights
- potential infringement of Aboriginal and treaty rights
- lack of protection of source water
- insufficient engagement on issues that directly affect First Nations
In response to these concerns, and aligned with the 2021 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Class Action Settlement Agreement, Canada formally repealed the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act on June 23, 2022.
The Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Class Action Settlement Agreement provides an opportunity for meaningful change aimed at:
- addressing and preventing First Nations water infrastructure gaps
- building a sustainable foundation for future generations
How new legislation was developed
As part of Canada's commitment to implementing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), new proposed drinking water and wastewater legislation was developed through engagement that put First Nation voices at the forefront.
Between 2018 and 2024, Canada worked directly with First Nation rights-holders, including Modern Treaty and Self-Governing First Nations, through their own representative institutions and First Nation organizations, including the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) and the First Nations Advisory Committee on Safe Drinking Water, on legislative priorities.
Through these conversations, key concerns were identified including:
- recognition of rights
- sustainable funding for drinking water and wastewater services
- source water protection
- the need for ongoing engagement on water issues that affect First Nations
Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) worked with First Nation partners to:
- develop proposed water and wastewater legislation that reflected the needs and priorities of First Nations communities
- address commitments made through the Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Class Action Settlement Agreement
In summer 2022, Canada enhanced engagement with provinces and territories on the multi-jurisdictional issue of source water protection, a key priority identified by First Nations.
Consultation drafts of the legislative proposal were also posted online to support broad engagement and community consideration of new proposed First Nations drinking water and wastewater legislation.
What the proposed legislation included
The proposed legislation aimed to address key concerns expressed by First Nations about the repealed 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act by:
- recognizing and affirming the existing inherent right of First Nations to self-government, including jurisdiction in relation to water, source water, drinking water, wastewater and related infrastructure on First Nation lands
- strengthening funding commitments through best efforts to provide adequate and sustainable funding for water services on First Nation lands comparable to services received in non-First Nations communities
- establishing minimum national standards for the delivery of drinking water and wastewater services on First Nation lands, based on First Nation choice
- facilitating transboundary source water protection agreements
- providing pathways for ongoing engagement, including through consultation and cooperation on federal regulations
Aligned with the Government of Canada's commitment to support the inclusion of First Nations voices in the parliamentary process, the following additional amendments, informed by First Nations' feedback to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs, were adopted by the Committee:
- recognition of a human right to safe drinking water on First Nations lands
- expansion of decision-making principles to include all articles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- co-development with First Nations on regulations and a funding framework
- enhanced water quantity standard to include cultural and spiritual needs
- requirement for First Nations consent on standards and enforcement regulations
- immunity in relation to federal best efforts to provide adequate and sustainable funding
Through the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act Action Plan, Canada committed to continue efforts to:
- advance water and wastewater service transfer to First Nations communities
- support self-determined service delivery models in First Nations communities
- provide pathways to protect source water and legally enforceable safe drinking water protections on First Nation lands similar to those in place in provinces and territories
Engagement with First Nations
Between 2018 and 2024, Canada engaged First Nation rights-holders and First Nation organizations on legislative reform related to safe drinking water. Two consultation drafts of a legislative proposal were shared with all First Nation communities and posted online to support broad public review. Hundreds of engagement sessions took place virtually or in-person, with groups of First Nations or individual First Nations, based on partner preferences.
Engagement with provinces and territories
In summer 2022, Canada enhanced engagement with all provinces and territories on the multi-jurisdictional issue of source water protection to inform the development of proposed legislation. Provinces and territories expressed mutual interest in safe and clean water, while emphasizing the need for continued respect for provincial and territorial jurisdictions.
Timeline of key events
January 2025
Due to the prorogation of Parliament on January 6, 2025, progress on all proposed legislation, including Bill C-61, ended.
December 2024
December 2, 2024: The Chair of the Standing Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs presented the Committee's report on Bill C-61 to the House of Commons.
June 2024
June 5, 2024: Second reading of Bill C-61 was completed in the House of Commons. The Bill was referred to the Standing Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs in the House of Commons for study.
June 12, 2024: The House of Commons Standing Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs began its study of Bill C-61. 18 study meetings were held from June 12 to November 26, 2024.
February 2024
February 5, 2024: Second reading debate of Bill C-61 began in the House of Commons
December 2023
December 11, 2023: Bill C-61 - An Act respecting water, source water, drinking water, wastewater and related infrastructure on First Nation lands was introduced in Parliament
December 14, 2023: The Minister of Indigenous Services sent a letter to all First Nation rights-holders and First Nation organizations sharing the introduction of Bill C-61 and encouraging ongoing engagement through the Parliamentary process
August 2023
August 4, 2023: Canada published the updated consultation draft of a legislative proposal on Indigenous Services Canada's website to support broad consideration before it was introduced in Parliament
August 18, 2023: Canada shared the updated consultation draft with provinces and territories for comments and feedback by September 8, 2023
July 2023
July 21, 2023: Canada shared an updated consultation draft of a legislative proposal with First Nation rights-holders and organizations for further feedback by September 8, 2023
March 2023
March 1, 2023: Canada published the initial consultation draft of a legislative proposal on Indigenous Services Canada's website to support ongoing engagement on new proposed water legislation
March 2, 2023: Canada shared the consultation draft with provinces and territories to support review
March 17, 2023: In response to feedback from First Nations, Canada extended the engagement period on the initial consultation draft by an additional 35 days to April 23, 2023
February 2023
February 6, 2023: Federal, provincial and territorial Ministers and leaders of national Indigenous organizations met to further explore approaches to advance source water protection and shared water interests
February 17, 2023: Canada shared an initial consultation draft of a legislative proposal with First Nation rights-holders and First Nation organizations for a 30-day review period
February 20, 2023, to April 21, 2023: Canada made additional efforts to encourage First Nations' engagement on new proposed water legislation by sending reminder emails to all First Nations and hosting daily virtual drop-in sessions
December 2022
December 7, 2022: An emergency resolution titled, "Re-Commitment to Co-Development of Replacement Legislation for Safe Drinking Water for First Nations" was passed by First Nation Chiefs at the AFN Special Chiefs Assembly. The resolution directed the AFN to call on Canada to halt its current legislation development and recommit to meaningful co-development of new proposed legislation
October 2022
October 31, 2022: Canada sent a letter to all First Nations communities sharing upcoming co-development activities, including co-development on new proposed water legislation and inviting First Nation involvement in the co-development process
Summer 2022
Canada continued to work with the AFN to inform the advancement of new proposed First Nations drinking water and wastewater legislation.
Canada increased engagement and information sharing with First Nation rights-holders and First Nation organizations to support the development of new proposed First Nations drinking water and wastewater legislation.
June 2022
June 23, 2022: The official repeal of the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act through the Budget Implementation Act, 2022, No. 1 received Royal Assent on June 23, 2022.
March 2022
Canada engaged key Indigenous groups and organizations on the proposed repeal of the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act through 2 virtual engagement sessions that took place on March 23, 2022, and March 29, 2022. All participants supported the proposed repeal.
2021
December 22, 2021: The Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Class Action Settlement Agreement was approved by the Federal Court and the Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench (now the Manitoba Court of King's Bench). Through the settlement agreement, Canada committed to making all reasonable efforts to:
- introduce proposed repeal of the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act by March 31, 2022
- develop and introduce new proposed legislation, in consultation with First Nations, by December 31, 2022
November 2019
Legal action was initiated against Canada in a proposed class action on behalf of all members of First Nations and members resident on reserves that had a drinking water advisory for at least one year since 1995.
2018
The AFN, with support from Canada, began to engage with First Nations on the review and replacement of the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act.
2017-2018
The AFN passed a number of resolutions related to safe drinking water and the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act.
Canada hosted engagement sessions with First Nations to support review of the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act.
2015
Engagement on the development of proposed regulations stopped as First Nations called for the repeal and replacement of the 2013 Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act.
2013
The Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act came into effect to allow Canada to develop federal regulations to ensure access to safe, clean and reliable drinking water and the effective treatment of wastewater on First Nation lands.
Related links
- Bill C-61: An Act respecting water, source water, drinking water, wastewater and related infrastructure on First Nation lands
- Together with First Nations leadership, Minister Patty Hajdu introduces a Bill to support clean drinking water in First Nations communities
- Bill C-61: First Nations Clean Water Act (short title), or an Act respecting water, source water, drinking water, wastewater and related infrastructure on First Nation lands
- Updated consultation draft: Proposal for An Act respecting drinking water, wastewater and related infrastructure on First Nation lands
- Initial consultation draft: Proposal for An Act respecting drinking water, wastewater and related infrastructure on First Nation lands
- Consultation draft shared: Next steps underway toward proposed new First Nations drinking water and wastewater legislation
- Backgrounder and timeline for consultation draft: Proposal for An Act respecting drinking water, wastewater and related infrastructure on First Nations lands
- Developing laws and regulations for First Nations drinking water and wastewater: engagement 2022 to 2023
- Safe drinking water for First Nations legislation: First Nations-led engagement 2019
- What we heard about the review of The Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act
- First Nations Drinking Water Class Action
- United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (PDF)